Application of Steel in Modern Industrial Buildings

1. Preface

At the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of industrial architecture became increasingly prominent, and the design practice of industrial architecture became the core of modern architectural thought theory. The new features of modern industrial buildings are the new architectural forms that use a large number of metal space frame structures. The roofs mostly use spatial metal space frames, the envelope structures mostly use color-profiled steel plates, and stainless steel materials are mostly used for interior and exterior decoration. Industrial buildings have brought new vigor and vitality. The German Union and the Bauhaus School established in 1907, as well as famous scholars such as Jordan and Qiao Yixi, put forward many important industrial architectural theories, and improved the factory building from a practical scheme to a unique aesthetic theory. The building envelope, that is, the modern aesthetics of factory buildings. Then a stable theoretical position was formed, just like the church buildings in the Middle Ages, a number of brand-new modern industrial buildings were produced, and they occupied an important position in the history of architecture. In the past 10 years, with the emergence of new materials and new technologies, industrial buildings have been increasingly improved in the form of steel structures, and new characteristics have emerged.

2 Application of steel in construction

2.1 Adopt new structures and new materials to fully reflect the beauty of advanced technology and structure.

The use of light steel structures is not only conducive to increasing the span of the factory building cover structure to maximize the flexibility of the production process, but also to fully express the strength and creativity of the building structure, so the high-tech design ideas can be used in Full play in the field of industrial construction. Due to the use of a light steel structure, factory prefabricated components, and on-site assembly, the construction period is greatly shortened, the component accuracy and construction quality are significantly improved and ultimately brings good overall economic benefits to the building.

For example, the Inmos micro-integrated circuit factory designed by Richard Rogers has a 7.2x 106 m steel frame in the middle, and 36 m on the left and right sides, supplemented by steel cable suspension, the structure is exposed to save indoor space with high requirements for cleanliness and temperature and humidity. The workshop with a plane standard unit of 16x36m, a span of 36m, and no column in the middle can be continuously expanded as needed. Another example is the Oulu Dairy Factory designed by Antiikatajamaki, which consists of 10.8x (19.6+19.6+ 19.6+19.6) m exposed steel space frames, and a column-free space of 36x78m is formed between the space frames. In addition, exposed space frames with different heights and thick air-conditioning pipes form a strong architectural composition effect. Another example is the Jumbo hangar and repair shop designed by Meinhard VonGerkan. In order to form a large space of 150x80x80m (height), the designer adopted an X-shaped double arch frame with a span of 170m, showing the beauty of a large-span building. Another example is the main workshop of the technical renovation project of the Yuxi Cigarette Factory in Yunnan, my country. The large-column space frame structure of 24 x 24 m and 36 x 36 m is adopted. The process layout is flexible, the start-up is fast, and the investment is saved so that the cigarette factory can realize the investment benefits as soon as possible.

2.2 A variety of new metal enclosure materials and corresponding building structures are used, and the special shape combination of industrial buildings is fully utilized to create a brand-new architectural atmosphere with a strong sense of the times.

Such as Nicho Las Grimshaw designed the Financial Times printing house (UK). The reflective and dazzling aluminum alloy oblong staircase and the large glass wall form a strong contrast. The 96×16 m (height) glass surface is fixed by stainless steel nails at the corners of the 2m square glass plate, and the surrounding areas are sealed with sand glue. The column is welded by two semi-circular sections of steel and a flat steel plate. Along the height of the column, brackets are extended on both sides of the column to connect the nails for fixing the glass. Another example is the Varkaus thermal power plant (Finland) designed by Erkki Kairamo. Due to the use of glass and metal envelope materials, and the successful use of the equipment shape combination, it has obtained a more attractive architectural effect. From the above characteristics, we can see the new role of steel in the design and application of modern industrial buildings.

3. Application and manufacture of steel in the structure

The flexible space with changeable craftsmanship, the unit type or large-span space that is convenient for expansion, needs to adopt the structural form of a steel space frame. At the same time, architects are required to be skilled in the field of construction and should have extensive knowledge in the field of production technology, and be proficient in architectural art, building materials, and design software.

In the new large-scale industrial buildings, the spatial structure system is more and more widely used, and steel is mostly used as the material.

The spatial structure system includes steel space frames, steel shells, folded plates, suspension cables, and other structural forms. The steel space frame structure is a new type of roof structure. It is a network structure composed of many rods according to certain rules. It has the performance of stress in all directions. It is different from the stress state of the general plane truss. Spatial structure. Each rod supports the other, with strong integrity, good stability, high spatial rigidity, and good seismic performance. It is an ideal structural form for large and medium-span roof structures. The space frame structure can be divided into a flat space frame and a shell space frame. The shell-shaped space frame can be single-layer or double-layer. The double-layer space frame is divided into upper and lower strings, and the flat space frame is double-layered. The rods of the space frame structure is mostly made of steel pipes or angle steel: the nodes are mostly hollow ball nodes or bolt ball structure points. The material is generally 16 Mn steel or 3 #.

The shell-shaped space frame not only increases the roof area and roof construction space but also the structural processing, supporting structure and the manufacture and installation of the curved roof are more complicated and are generally less used. It is only used for special buildings such as large gymnasiums and opera houses. In recent years, steel flat space frames have been used more and developed rapidly. The steel flat space frame structure has the following advantages: the space frame is a multi-directional force-bearing space structure, which is suitable for a larger span than the unidirectional force-bearing plane truss, and the span can generally reach 30-60 m, or even more than 60 m. Due to the overall space effect of the space frame, the rods support each other, with high rigidity and good stability. The space frame has various mechanical properties, and uniform stress distribution, and can save 30% of steel compared with the truss structure in terms of materials. The space frame is a high-order statically indeterminate structure, and the structural safety is particularly large. If a certain component is buckled under pressure, it will not cause damage to the space frame form of the space frame roof, which will facilitate the laying of covering materials on the roof, ceiling decoration or lighting arrangement, etc., making it more spectacular and beautiful. In view of the space frame having the above characteristics, it has a wide range of applications.

In a word, the creation of industrial architecture has its own rules, and its characteristics are large volume, large scale, large group, and generosity. This requires the use of lightweight roofing and lightweight envelope structures, and the steel structure system reflects its own advantages. With the advent of the electronic age and the information society, new processes and new materials will continue to emerge. Therefore, we should vigorously explore the use of steel as the material for the main structure and decorative buildings. It is believed that a number of modern industrial buildings worthy of the times will appear in the decoration of Chinese industrial buildings.